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  • INTRODUCTION
    • By J. P. WHITNEY, D.D. (viii)
  • CHAPTER I. LOUIS THE PIOUS. By RÉNÉ POUPARDIN, Professor in the Ecole pratique des hautes études of Paris
    • Accession of Louis the Pious
    • First measures
    • Division of territory
    • Empire and Papacy
    • Constitutio Romana
    • Neighbours of the Empire
      • Eastern frontiers
      • The Saracens
      • The Bretons
    • Divisio Imperii
    • Revolt of Bernard of Italy
    • Penance of Attigny
    • Judith
    • Family disunion; Pepin's revolt
    • Disloyalty of Lothar
    • Revolt of Louis the German
    • Provisions for Charles the Bald
    • The Field of Lies
    • Restoration of Louis the Pious
    • Submission of Lothar
    • Death of Pepin of Aquitaine
    • Death of Louis the Pious
  • CHAPTER II. THE CAROLINGIAN KINGDOMS (840-877). By Professor RÉNÉ POUPARDIN
    • Accession of Lothar
    • Battle of Fontenoy
    • Oath of Strasbourg
    • Treaty of Verdun
    • The Empire breaking up
    • The System of Concord
    • Conflicts and invasions
    • Weakness of the Concord
    • Affairs of Aquitaine and Brittany
    • Death of the Emperor Lothar
    • Growing disorder in the Western Kingdom
    • Fraternal quarrels
    • The divorce of Lothar II
    • Charles the Bald and his ambitions
    • Death of Charles of Provence
    • Triumph of Pope Nicholas I
    • Death of Lothar II
    • Contest for Lorraine
    • Partition of Meersen
    • Reign of the Emperor Louis II in Italy
    • Italian vassals
    • The Saracens sack St Peter's
    • Pope John VIII
    • Imperial coronation of Charles the Bald
    • Death of Louis the German
    • Assembly of Quierzy
    • Death of Charles the Bald
  • CHAPTER III. THE CAROLINGIAN KINGDOMS (877—918). By Professor René Poupardin
    • Louis the Stammerer King of the West-Franks
    • Boso King of Provence
    • Charles the Fat in Rome
    • The Northmen
    • Union under Charles the Fat
    • Siege of Paris
    • Deposition of Charles the Fat
    • Final division of the Empire
    • Arnulf
    • Italian rivals
    • The Formosan troubles at Rome
    • Death of Arnulf
    • Death of Louis the Child
    • Conrad I of Germany; the great Duchies
  • CHAPTER IV. FRANCE, THE LAST CAROLINGIANS AND THE ACCESSION OF HUGH CAPET (888—987). By LOUIS HALPHEN, Professor in the University of Bordeaux
    • Accession of Odo
    • Carolingian Restoration
    • Charles the Simple in Lorraine
    • Raoul's usurpation
    • Hugh the Great
    • Louis d'Outremer
    • Feudal rebellions
    • Death of Louis d'Outremer
    • Lothair and Otto II
    • The last Carolingian
    • Theories of kingship
    • Hugh Capet
    • The king defends order and liberty
    • Royal impotence against the Northmen
    • Royal impotence against the Hungarians
    • The provinces provide their own defence
    • Rise of the great duchies
      • The March of Spain and Gothia
      • The Duchy of Aquitaine
      • Neustria and Flanders
      • The Duchy of Burgundy
      • The Duchy of Normandy
    • Break-up of the duchies
      • Neustria
      • Burgundy
    • Disintegration
    • Influence of the bishops
  • CHAPTER V. FRANCE IN THE ELEVENTH CENTURY. By Professor LOUIS HALPHEN
    • Accession of Hugh Capet
    • Elimination of the Carolingians
    • Struggle with the Papacy
    • Weakness of the Capetian monarchy
    • Death of Hugh Capet
    • Consolidation of the dynasty
    • Energetic policy of Robert the Pious
    • Crisis at the death of Robert the Pious
    • Growing independence of vassals
    • Growth of Anjou
    • Philip I
    • Philip and Normandy
    • Church policy of Philip
    • Philip's last years
    • Precarious position of the first Capetians
    • Moral preponderance of the monarchy
    • Feudal disintegration in Anjou
    • Feudal anarchy in Normandy
    • The great fiefs: Flanders
      • Champagne and Blois
      • Burgundy
      • Anjou
      • A type of the great baron
      • Normandy
      • Brittany
      • Aquitaine and Gascony
      • Languedoc
    • Moral preponderance of the higher clergy
      • Fulbert of Chartres
      • Ivo of Chartres
  • CHAPTER VI. THE KINGDOM OF BURGUNDY. By Professor Louis Halphen
    • A. The Kingdom of Burgundy down to the annexation of the Kingdom of Provence
      • Rodolph I
      • Rodolph II
    • B. The Kingdom of Provence down to its annexation to the Kingdom of Burgundy
      • Boso of Provence
      • Louis the Blind
      • Union of Provence with Burgundy
    • C. The Kingdom of Burgundy and its annexation to the Empire
      • The German Protectorate
      • The Count Otto-William
      • German intervention
      • The succession to Rodolph III
      • The rival claimants
      • Success of the Emperor Conrad II
      • Independence of great vassals
      • Later history
  • CHAPTER VII. ITALY IN THE TENTH CENTURY. By C. W. PRÉVITÉ-ORTON, M.A., Librarian and sometime Fellow of St John's College
    • Hungarian victory at the Brenta
    • Berengar I and Louis III
    • South Italy and the Saracens
    • Victory of the Garigliano
    • Anarchy of North Italy
    • Rodolph II and Hugh of Provence
    • Alberic of Rome
    • Hugh's alliance with Byzantium
    • Relations with Burgundy and Germany
    • Fall of King Hugh
    • Berengar II
    • First invasion of Otto the Great
    • The chronicler Liudprand
    • Pope John XII
    • Otto's second invasion
    • His imperial coronation
    • Subjugation of Rome and the Papacy
    • The Romano-Germanic Empire
    • The government of Italy
    • Otto's attempt to annex South Italy
    • Significance of Otto's reign
    • Otto II's failure in South Italy
    • Growth and danger of Venice
    • Rome and Italy during Otto III's minority
    • Otto III reduces Rome
    • Schemes of Otto III
    • Social changes and troubles
    • Revolt of Arduin of Ivrea
    • Revolt of the Romans
    • Death of Otto III
    • Revival and permanent division of Italy
  • CHAPTER VIII. GERMANY: HENRY I AND OTTO THE GREAT. By AUSTIN LANE POOLE, M.A., Fellow of St John's College, Oxford; Late Lecturer at Selwyn College, Cambridge
    • Election of Henry I
    • Submission of Swabia and Bavaria
    • Conquest of Lorraine
    • Hungarian invasion of Saxony
    • Defensive measures
    • Campaigns against the Wends
    • Defeat of the Hungarians
    • Death of Henry I
    • Coronation of Otto the Great
    • Bavarian revolt; risings in Franconia and Saxony
    • The Rebellion of the Dukes in 939
    • Changes in the administration of the Duchies
    • War on the eastern frontier
    • Otto's intervention in French affairs
    • Situation in Italy in 950
    • Liudolf's disaffection and rebellion
    • Hungarian invasion
    • Defeat of the Hungarians in the Lechfeld
    • Peace restored in Germany
    • Otto the Great as Emperor
    • Spread of Christianity in the North
    • Death of Otto the Great
  • CHAPTER IX. GERMANY: OTTO II AND OTTO III. By AUSTIN LANE POOLE, M.A
    • Accession of Otto II
    • Bavarian revolts
    • The War of the Three Henries
    • Otto II and Lorraine
    • Revolt of the Slavs
    • Accession of Otto III
    • The Regency
    • War on the eastern frontier
    • Ambitions of Otto III
    • His failure and death
  • CHAPTER X. THE EMPEROR HENRY II. By EDWIN H. HOLTHOUSE, M.A., late of Trinity College, Cambridge
    • Rival candidates
    • Recognition of Henry II
    • His earlier life and character
    • Revolt of Lombardy
    • Boleslav of Poland
    • Bohemia; the Babenbergs
    • Henry's first expedition to Italy
    • Recovery of Bohemia
    • Polish hostilities
  • CHAPTER XI. THE EMPEROR CONRAD II. By Austin Lane Poole, M.A
    • Choice of Conrad II
    • His formal election and coronation
    • The royal progress
    • The Burgundian question
    • Rebellion of Duke Ernest
    • Acquisition of Burgundy
    • The Eastern Frontier
    • Italy under Conrad II
    • Imperial coronation
    • The feudal edict of 1037
    • Proceedings against Archbishop Aribert
    • Affairs of South Italy
    • Conrad's death
    • Hereditary fiefs
    • Relations with the Church
  • CHAPTER XII THE EMPEROR HENRY III
    • Henry III's parents
    • His boyhood
    • His accession
    • The royal progress
    • Defeat in Bohemia
    • Submission of Bohemia
    • Burgundy
    • Hungary
    • The Day of Indulgence
    • Peace and Truce of God
    • Empress Agnes of Poitou
    • Godfrey of Lorraine
    • Submission of Hungary
    • Rebellion of Godfrey of Lorraine
    • Otto of Swabia
    • Germany at peace
    • Attempt at settlement in the West
    • Adalbert of Bremen
    • Henry, Emperor and Patrician
    • Germany and France
    • Fresh troubles in Lorraine
    • Birth of Henry IV
    • Hungary; Bavaria
    • Bremen and the North
    • Death of Leo IX
    • End of the reign
    • Bratislav of Bohemia
    • Casimir of Poland
    • Kings of Hungary
    • The Wends
    • Duke Godescalc
    • Henry's aims
  • CHAPTER XIII THE VIKINGS
    • Early Scandinavia
    • Causes of Viking activity
    • Early raids on England and Ireland
    • The Danish kingdom
    • Preaching of Christianity
    • St Anskar
    • Viking raids on Frankish territory
    • Olaf the White
    • Settlement of the Danelaw
    • The Vikings in France, Spain, Italy and England
    • The Siege of Paris
    • Founding of Normandy
    • Scandinavian kings in Northumbria
    • The Battles of Clontarf and Maldon
    • King Svein and King Knut
    • The Orkneys, Shetlands, Western Islands, and Man
    • The Jómsvikings
    • The Swedes in Russia
    • Viking civilisation
      • Christianity and heathendom
      • Ideals of life and material civilisation
        • Ships
        • Trade and Social organisation
    • Influence in Ireland
    • Influence in Scotland, Man, and the Isles
    • Influence in Northumbria and the Five Boroughs
    • Influence in East Anglia
    • Law and Society
    • The Northmen in Europe generally
  • CHAPTER XIV. THE FOUNDATION OF THE KINGDOM OF ENGLAND. By WILLIAM JOHN CORBETT, M.A., Fellow and Bursar of King's College, Cambridge
    • Death of Offa. Beorhtric of Wessex
    • Anarchy in Northumbria. Coenwulf of Mercia
    • Wales in the eighth century. Nennius
    • Coenwulf and Archbishop Wulfred. Beornwulf
    • Egbert of Wessex. Conquest of Cornwall
    • Battle of Ellandun. Egbert conquers Kent
    • Egbert overthrows Mercia. Wiglaf restored
    • Egbert and the Danes. Accession of Aethelwulf
    • Character of the struggle with the Vikings
    • Aethelwulf's Donation. The Danes winter in England
    • Wales under Rhodri. Scotland under Kenneth
    • Ingwar conquers Northumbria and East Anglia
    • Halfdene attacks Wessex. Accession of Alfred
    • Collapse of Mercia
    • Danes settle in Northumbria and the Five Boroughs
    • Guthrum renews the attack on Wessex
    • Battle of Edington. West Mercia submits to Alfred
    • Alfred's reforms. The Boroughs of Wessex
    • Alfred's laws and literary activity
    • Alfred and Guthrum's Peace. Hasting's raids
    • Death of Alfred. Edward the Elder
    • Edward attacks the Danelaw
    • Edward's reforms. Battle of Tettenhall
    • Aethelfleda, the Lady of the Mercians
    • East Anglia and East Mercia submit to Edward
    • Edward and the Danes of Yorkshire
    • Reign of Aethelstan. Battle of Brunanburh
    • Aethelstan organises the midland shires
    • Reign of Edmund. Archbishop Oda
    • Reorganization of the dukedoms. The shire-reeves
    • Reign of Eadred. Final submission of the North
  • CHAPTER XV. ENGLAND FROM A.D. 954 TO THE DEATH OF EDWARD THE CONFESSOR. By William John Corbett, M.A
    • Death of Eadred and accession of Eadwig
    • Accession of Edgar
    • Monastic Reform
    • Oswald's Land Loans
    • Drift towards feudalism
    • Edgar's administrative measures
    • Rise of ecclesiastical franchises
    • Reign of Edward the Martyr
    • Minority of Aethelred the Unready
    • Renewal of Scandinavian invasions
    • The Massacre of St Brice's Day
    • Svein of Denmark
    • Restoration of Aethelred
    • Edmund Ironside
    • Accession of Knut
    • His domestic policy
    • His foreign policy
    • Harold Harefoot
    • Harthacnut
    • Accession of Edward the Confessor
    • Edward's character
    • Predominance of Godwin of Wessex
    • Edward's foreign advisers
    • Exile of Godwin
    • Return of Godwin
    • Flight of the foreigners
    • Death of Godwin
    • War with Scotland
    • Rivalry of Harold and Aelfgar
    • The succession problem
    • War with the Welsh
    • Captivity of Harold
    • Northumbrian revolt. Fall of Tostig
    • Death of Edward the Confessor
    • Economic conditions under Edward
    • Contrast between East and West
    • The Rectitudines Singularum Personarum
    • The Tidenham evidence
    • The growth of seigneurial courts; sake and soke
    • St Edmund's Liberty
  • CHAPTER XVI. THE WESTERN CALIPHATE. By Dr Rafael Altamira, late Director-General of Primary Instruction (Ministry of Public Instruction); Professor of American Institutions in the University of Madrid; Senator
    • Asturias and Navarre
    • 'Abd-ar-Rahmān I
    • The Umayyad Emirate
    • Muslim factions
    • 'Abd-ar-Rahmān II
    • Christians and Muslims
    • Mahomet I
    • Muslim civil wars
    • 'Abd-ar-Rahmān III
    • The Caliphate of Cordova
    • Rise of Castile
    • Almanzor
    • Fall of the Caliphate
    • The Christian kingdoms
    • -Muslim Spain
      • (1) races and classes
      • (2) administration and justice
      • (3) army and religion
      • (4) wealth and industry
      • (5) language and education
      • (6) literature and science
      • (7) books and libraries
      • (8) the Arts
    • Contact of civilisations
    • The Mozarabs
    • Government and classes in Leon and Castile
    • Aragon and Navarre; Catalonia
  • CHAPTER XVII. THE CHURCH FROM CHARLEMAGNE TO SYLVESTER II. By Professor Louis Halphen
    • Louis the Pious and the Bishops
    • Aims of the Episcopate
    • Hincmar in the State
    • The Forged Decretals
    • Pope Nicholas I
    • Divorce of Lothar II
    • Photius
    • Pope, King, and Prelate
    • Decline of the Papacy
    • Ecclesiastical anarchy
    • Legend of the year 1000 A.D
    • Cluny and reform
    • The Peace of God
  • CHAPTER XVIII. FEUDALISM. By Sir Paul Vinogradoff, Hon. LL.D., F.B.A., Corpus Professor of Jurisprudence in the University of Oxford
    • The feudal contract
    • Feudal reciprocity
    • Duties of vassals
    • Ministeriales; dominium
    • Subinfeudation; reliefs
    • The feudal nexus in politics
    • Private war and its remedies
    • Growth of franchises and immunities
    • Ecclesiastical advocates
    • Counsel and aid
    • Feudal Courts
    • Appeal of judgment
    • Feudal legislation
    • The manor
    • The village community
    • Common fields
    • The demesne
    • Week work and boonwork
    • The villeins
    • Freeholders
    • Officers of the lord
    • Local administration
    • Survey of Europe
    • Precedence of England
  • CHAPTER XIX. LEARNING AND LITERATURE TILL THE DEATH OF BEDE. By Montague Rhodes James, Litt.D., F.B.A., Provost of Eton College, late Provost of King's College, Cambridge
    • Boethius
    • Cassiodorus
    • St Gregory the Great
    • Africa
    • Spain
    • Martin of Bracara
    • Isidore of Seville
    • Julian of Toledo
    • St Valerius
    • Venantius Fortunatus
    • Gregory of Tours and the decay of Latin
    • Virgilius Maro Grammaticus
    • Irish learning
    • Greek in Ireland
    • Adamnan
    • Early British learning
    • Theodore of Tarsus; Adrian
    • Benedict Biscop
    • Bede
    • Wanderings of manuscripts
    • Virgilius of Salzburg
  • CHAPTER XX. LEARNING AND LITERATURE TILL POPE SYLVESTER II. By Montague Rhodes James, Litt.D., F.B.A
    • Destruction of English learning
    • Paul the Deacon
    • Alcuin
    • The Carolingian minuscule
    • Einhard
    • Theodulf
    • Angilbert
    • Agobard; Raban Maur
    • Monastic libraries
    • Walafrid Strabo
    • Classical knowledge; Spain
    • John the Scot
    • Sedulius Scottus
    • Glossaries
    • The Irish circle; mythographers
    • Anastasius the Librarian
    • Gottschalk
    • Notker; School of St Gall
    • Ekkehard; Gesta Berengarii; Hrotsvitha
    • Theology; Libri Carolini
    • Radbert and Ratramn; Hagiography
    • History
    • Geography and science
    • Gerbert (Sylvester II)
    • Books in vernacular
    • Destruction of libraries
  • CHAPTER XXI. BYZANTINE AND ROMANESQUE ARTS. By W. R. Lethaby, Professor of Design, Royal College of Art
    • Early building
    • Domes
    • Early churches
    • St Sophia
    • Other churches of the period
    • Italian Byzantesque
    • Early art in books; mosaics and paintings
    • Roman art and its influence
    • The Barbaric element
    • The English crosses
    • Irish art
    • Beginnings of Romanesque
    • Sta Maria Antiqua
    • Romanesque among the Teutons
    • Architecture after Charlemagne
    • Beginnings of Gothic
    • Glass
    • Imagery and colour
    • Mosaics and painting